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Early U.S. Foreign Policy in Vietnam
A Document-Based Question
By David Reese
History 530B, Spring 2003

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This question is based on the accompanying documents (1-8). The question is designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. Some of the documents have been edited for the purposes of the question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of each document and any point of view that may be presented in the document.

Historical Context: The U.S. War in Vietnam was the longest and second most costly in U.S. history. Post-World War II decisions by U.S. officials, influenced by European imperialism, World War II, the cold war, and the Korean War, forged a policy that eventually led to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of American and global history, write an essay in which you answer the following question:

Why did the U.S. fail to take advantage of Ho Chi Minh's early appeals for U.S. assistance in obtaining Vietnam's independence and choose instead to pursue a foreign policy of backing first the French, then ignoring the Geneva Accords by establishing a puppet government led by Diem?

Guidelines : In your essay, be sure to:
  • Address all aspects of the task by accurately analyzing and interpreting at least five documents.
  • Incorporate information from the documents in the body of your essay.
  • Incorporate relevant outside information.
  • Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details.
  • Use a logical and clear plan of organization.
  • Introduce the theme by establishing a framework that is beyond a simple restatement of the Task or Historical Context and conclude with a summation of the theme.

    Part A. Short-Answer Questions

    Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document in the space provided.

    Document 1

    The French have fled, the Japanese have capitulated, Emperor Bao Dai has abdicated. Our people have broken the chains which for nearly a century have fettered them and have won independence for the fatherland. Our people at the same time have overthrown the monarchical regime that has reigned supreme for dozens of centuries. In its place has been established the present Democratic Republic. A people who have courageously opposed French domination for more than eighty years, a people who have fought side by side with the Allies against the Fascists during these years, such a people must be free and independent. For these reasons, we solemnly declare to the world that Vietnam has the right to be a free and independent country.

    -Vietnam Declaration of Independence, September 2, 1945

    Question 1. Why did Ho Chi Minh believe that Vietnam had earned its independence?

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